Abstract Algebra

I am introducing some basic definitions of abstract algebra, structures like monoid, groups, rings, fields and vector spaces and homomorphism/isomorphism. I find the clear definitions of structures from [1]: Also, the tables below show a clear comparisons between several structures [2,3]:   All these structures are defined with both a set and operation(s). Based on [4], …

When A* algorithm returns optimal solution

Dijkstra algorithm is a well known algorithm for finding exact distance from a source to a destination. In order to improve the path finding speed, A* algorithm combines heuristics and known distances to find the heuristically best path towards a goal. A common A* implementation maintains an open set for discovered yet not evaluated nodes and a closed …